The Riemann Hypothesis, an unsolved mathematical problem, focuses on the distribution of prime numbers and could revolutionize fields like cryptography, computer science, and medicine if proven. The Clay Mathematics Institute offers a $1 million prize for its proof, highlighting the significance of this elusive hypothesis.
Markov Chains, named after mathematician Andrey Markov, are models used to predict the future state of systems based solely on their present state. These versatile models find applications in various fields including economics, finance, biology, physics, and computer science, notably underpinning Google’s PageRank algorithm and aiding in stock market analysis and speech recognition.